Despite holding a part-time job, college freshman Laura (the stunning Deborah Francois of The Page Turner) is unable to make ends meet. Having run out of options and desperate for cash, she answers an Internet ad: "Joe, 57, seeks female student for tender moments. One hundred euros an hour." Just this once, she promises herself. Three days later, Laura is in a hotel room with "Joe," and the downward spiral begins. By her second customer, however, Laura already wants to stop. Will she be able to? According to one student association, there are 40,000 young women in France who work as occasional prostitutes, including the anonymous author of the notorious memoir on which this film is based. From uncompromising writer-director Emmanuelle Bercot (Clement), Student Services is as compelling as it is shocking.
This book was written to support the academic success of student athletes?whether at a large or small university or college, whether team or individual sport, whether women or men, whether on scholarship or not. While all college students must learn to negotiate the complex transition from high school to college, student athletes face unique challenges, including the complicated set of regulations set out by the NCAA and individual conferences that determine eligibility. The current environment in college athletics makes it even more critical that student athletes understand what they need to do academically and how to avoid potential situations that could jeopardize their athletic careers. College Knowledge for the Student Athlete is a road map and tour guide for a successful career as a student athlete. Tips are based on research and the authors` experience, as well as the wisdom and advice of hundreds of former student athletes.
TV9 - Rajahmundry women's college students support to Anna Hazare
Discover available Scholarships for African Women in 2012/2013
Here are some scholarships programs for African women to study for Postgraduate and Undergraduate programme. Some of these are niche scholarship programs are specifically for women. You can also apply for other international scholarships that are not gender specific. The scholarships aim to encourage women to further education in several fields of study.
L'Oréal-UNESCO PhD Scholarship for Women in Science
L'Oréal-UNESCO Regional fellowships "For Women in Science" is offered to assist women scientists in Sub-Saharan Africa to realize important scientific research in all fields of science, engineering and technology.
Fellowships for Women Scientists in Developing countries and Africa
The Third World Organization for Women in Science (TWOWS) with funds generously provided by the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (Sida), has instituted a fellowship programme for female students from Sub-Saharan Africa and Least Developed Countries (LDCs), who wish to pursue postgraduate training leading to a Ph.D., at centres of excellence in the South (developing countries), outside their own country.
Canon Collins Trust South Africa scholarship programme
Canon Collins Trust awards postgraduate scholarships for southern African Students including Angola, Botswana, Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Swaziland, Zambia and Zimbabwe- to study in South Africa. The Trust offers Full Scholarship for study in South Africa are for women of rural origin under the Graça Machel scholarship scheme.
Google Anita Borg Memorial Scholarship for Women in Africa, Europe and the Middle East
Google aim to encourage women from the international community to excel in computing and technology through the Google Anita Borg Memorial Scholarship offered for women in Africa, Europe and the Middle East. The scholarship is for female Undergraduate and postgraduate students.
PEO International Peace Scholarship
The PEO International Peace Scholarship Fund provides scholarships for selected women from other countries for graduate study in the United States and Canada. P.E.O. aims to help qualified women who desire higher education and are in need of financial assistance.
Fondation Rainbow Bridge MBA Scholarship
The FRB enables young women scholars to enrich their academic background by obtaining an HEC MBA in France. Women applying for the Scholarship Award must come from an African country affected by a natural disaster, drought or famine.
Nestle MBA Scholarships for Women in Developing Countries
The Nestlé Scholarship for Women was initiated by a group of IMD- Switzerland- MBA (Masters in Business Administration) participants who desired to encourage women to take the MBA courses. Preference is given to women from developing countries. Accepted female candidates must demonstrate financial need.
Forté Foundation MBA Fellows for Women
Forté Foundation offers fellowships to women who are pursuing a full-time, part-time or executive MBA education at participating business schools. Forté Foundation Fellowships are intended to increase the number of women applying to and enrolling in MBA programs. Students of all nationalities are eligible for consideration.
Ikenna Odinaka is a research writer and student advisor on financial aid options for students from Africa and developing countries on www.afterschoolafrica.com, and Author of The scholarship MasterPlan (A Free scholarship guide for African Students).
Chinese Traditional Music ( Download Link Available)
Online Chinese Traditional Furniture Street
Chinese traditional furniture is a kind of art. They are graceful works that worth collecting. Chinese furniture has a long history. Early in the Shang Dynasty more than 3000 years ago, there were fine bronze and stone furniture. Furniture in the Song Dynasty is famous for its artistic quality all around the word. There is a famous Chinese Traditional Furniture Street beside the ancient ship canal in Beijing, which is called Gao Bei Dian. Foreigners like there. They can see different kinds of Chinese traditional furniture there, such as antique screen and traditional big square table with dragon or phoenix on it. Nowadays young western people are nostalgic. To them Chinese traditional furniture is fashionable and attractive. In Beijing, there are more than ten Chinese traditional furniture markets like Gao Bei Dian, such as Pan Jia Yuan Second-hand Goods Market. It is a holiday market. When holiday comes, it will be full of people. Of course there are many foreigners among them. The First Furniture Street of Ming and Qing Dynasty is located in the eastern suburb of Beijing. Models of houses, rooms and furniture of Ming and Qing Dynasty all over the country are gathered there. These markets show Chinese furniture culture to the world. However, if you can’t go to Beijing in person, where can you find such dramatic things? Made in China will be helpful. Look at this table. It is a piece of antique furniture. It is of Tibetan style and completely hand-made. Artists print it with their oriental tastes. Tibetan culture is a characteristic part of Chinese culture. It is old, unique, wild and magnificent. This table will give you a special feeling. There are also other kinds of antique furniture, such as kang, Chinese wedding bed, kitchen Cabinet with lattice window and nice -carved round table. Then, how to choose Chinese traditional furniture? First, you should choose valuable old furniture. That means the furniture made between Ming and Qing Dynasty. This period is the peak of Chinese traditional furniture manufacture. The quantity of such furniture that kept now is limited. Therefore, the price will always increase. Second, you should notice their material. If they are made of rosewood or red sandal wood but very cheap, they must be fake. Moreover, a material is divided into upper-scale and down-scale. So you have to go to a factory or shop with a good reputation. If you only like them, you don’t have to distinguish whether they are true or not. It is OK if they are durable and beautiful. If you collect furniture, you have to have enough experience or ask for an expert for help.
guys, what kind a job in the army would give me a better chance for NOT being sent on the battle field in combat( and thus better chance for survival). I was considering medic, but i know that they are the one that are always out there in combat.I know that being in the military there is a constant risk, but come on - an infantry or a gunman definitely has bigger chance to get injured ...than some otehr particular jobs that you can pick up. Any suggestions ?? How about military police?
SEWalk - you seem to know about that stuff - where can i research more about the particular jobs duties , because ther army personnel or the recruiter won't give me any specific information on that - they ll try to get you whatever they need most.
There really isn't any job in the Army that is immune from deploying especially any combat arms, Infantry Armor Artillery and the MP's are right there with them, trust me, been there, done that have many T-shirts to prove it. Even if you got a non combat arms job you will still likely be assigned as a support person to those kinds of units, Medics, Clerks, NBC, supply personnel you name it. Bottom line dude and not to sound rude or unappreciative you are at least thinking about joining but the Army is there to deploy and take the war where it is no matter what role you play or job you are assigned and if you don't want to deploy or be in harms way stay home. Ask Someone in the Band, they'll probably tell you the same thing even though they may not have gone yet the possibility is always there.
The Prodigy is a Survival Combat Knife. Overall Length: 9 3/4 . Length of Blade: 5 . Blade Material: Sandvik 12C27 stainless steel black blade. Handle Material: SoftGrip overmold over a hard substrate. Blade Style: Drop Point. Blade Type: Serrated Edge. Sheath Material: nylon sheath with MOLLE compatible nylon backing.
In a Dual Survival Season 1 DVD set, meet military-trained Dave Canterbury and naturalist Cody Lundin trained survival experts featured in this series. The two of them take on treacherous terrain to show you how to use the right skills and some creative thinking to stay alive. These Dual Survival DVDS feature Dave Canterbury, a U.S. Army instructor and sniper and Cody Lundin, a Native American-trained survivalist. Both men will go about survival in their own way decide for yourself who is more successful. In a Dual Survival Season 1 DVD set, experts agree there are some very basic and universal rules for surviving in the wild. Find shelter, find water, find food, find help. Beyond that, there's not much they agree on. Dual Survival DVDs will introduce you to military-trained Dave Canterbury and naturalist Cody Lundin trained survival experts featured in this series. Together, Canterbury and Lundin take on some of the planet's most unforgiving terrain to demonstrate in their own way how the right skills and some creative thinking can keep you alive. These Dual Survival videos feature Dave Canterbury, who joined the U.S. Army at age 17, eventually becoming a Special Reaction Team (SRT) instructor and sniper. He trained soldiers in the U.S., Central America and Korea in unarmed combat and close-quarter techniques. After leaving the Army, Canterbury worked on a reptile farm and as a commercial fisherman and diver in the Florida saltwater marshes. Watch Dual Survival Season One DVDs, as he put his background, skills and training to work for the next phase of his career learning and now teaching wilderness survival. Also in the Dual Survival Season 1 DVD set, Cody Lundin, who was trained as a survivalist by Native Americans, teaches minimalist self-reliant skills to students from his home deep in the Arizona desert. He spent two years living in a brush shelter in the woods where he slept on pine needles and cooked over an open fire. Today, in these Dual Survival DVDs, Lundin lives off the grid in a self-designed solar earth home in the wilderness of northern Arizona where he catches rain, composts waste and pays nothing for heating and cooling. And he has been going barefoot for more than 20 years, part of his indigenous survival strategy. Dual Survival videos will show how together, with their drastically different backgrounds, the survivalists are dropped into a scenario that could happen to anyone: marooned boaters, lost hikers, stranded mountain climbers. Equipped with minimal gear that would have been carried in the real-life situations, Canterbury and Lundin must draw upon their arsenal of skills to devise extraordinary ways to use what they can find in their surroundings, as well as ordinary objects, and demonstrate what it takes to stay alive. Watch Dual Survival Season One DVDs, to see how will they use a 35mm camera, condoms and a pack of cigarettes in the Laos jungle? Or a car battery, electrical wiring, tires and seat cushions
`I`m not going to teach you how to survive in snowy mountains with only a tea bag; this book will teach you how to fight and survive war in the 21st century.`--Robert Stirling, from the IntroductionIn the tradition of John `Lofty` Wiseman`s SAS Survival Handbook comes a new combat handbook from a seasoned speical forces soldier. Whereas Wiseman initiated hundreds of thousands of readers to the survival techniques developed by the SAS in far-flung covert ops in Burma, the Middle East, Africa, and elsewhere, Stirling`s focus is on fighting techniques for the contemporary soldier.Stirling, a combat veteran of Northern Ireland, the Bush Wars in Africa, and Afghanistan, provides a fully-illustrated training-manual for combat readiness. This is the stuff they don`t teach you in boot camp, but they damn well should. Stirling writes in a aggressive style that will appeal to the warrior in every reader. He also serves up first-hand anecdotes and advice drawn from operations that went well--and those that went wrong. Table of Contents: Why Do You Need This Book - Tools of the Soldier`s Trade - Food, Shelter & Dealing with Weather - Medical Aid - How to Avoid Getting Shot - How to Avoid Blast Injury - How to Deal with Suicide Bombers - How to Deal with Bombs Under the Road - How to Survive an Interrogation - Defending a Position - Attacking the EnemyE-book information forthcoming
A revised edition of a classic "stranded behind enemy lines" manual, updated by a special forces military-survival expert, includes key coverage of everything from concealment and finding basic supplies to improvised communications and enabling one's reco
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Community Based Reintegration of Former Youth Combatants
Community Based Reintegration of Ex-Combatants: A Case Study Of The Lord’s Resistance Army In Northern Uganda
Muwonge J. Maxie
Human Rights, Peace and Development Worker and Researcher
Introduction
The specific context of any conflict, and the differentiating dynamics therein, inform the processes for resolving that conflict. In the case of northern Uganda Lord’s Resistance Army (LRA) war, the nature and scope of commitments and interventions; evolving political and security frameworks, vision and objectives set by the various stakeholders in an attempt to end this twenty years insurgency are informed by the nature and dynamics of this war. Many studies have indicated the nature of the LRA war. The LRA rebels mutilate, abduct children, widely kill civilians, commit rape and other acts of sexual violence as well as crimes against property including though not limited to burning down civilians’ huts, destruction of vehicles, economic extortion and stealing food and medical stuffs.1 Although it is right to argue that nature of LRA atrocities is synonymous with other armed conflicts in Africa like the Darfur insurgency in Sudan, the 1994 Rwandan genocide and other scenarios, in the case of the LRA, many of those who have committed crimes against humanity are under coercion from their abductors. At the core of the internal organization of the LRA are the abductees, mainly children and youths, who are turned into porters, soldiers and wives.
Many of the LRA ex-combatants who for the purpose of this paper will be referred to as Formerly Abducted Persons (FAPs), considering that they were abducted and forced to commit atrocities against their will, have over years escaped from combat back into their communities. In many instances, upon return from combat, the FAPs, due to their involvement in the violence against their community during the war, are portrayed as prone to violence and criminally inclined and summarily perceived by members from the centrally war affected communities as a menace in one form to another. Such perceptions are premised on the bitter realities. When the FAPs were abducted they were coerced to commit an act of brutality, frequently against a relative, thereby incriminating and traumatizing them so that they are reluctant or unable to return to their villages for fear of accountability to their community and revenge from those enraged as a result of losing their relatives.2
This paper describes the war situation in northern Uganda3 and the plight of the FAPs and investigates the various initiatives undertaken to ensure sustainable community-based reintegration of these FAPs. It also provides achievable recommendations to better their reintegration and functioning within their communities.
Situational Analysis of the LRA Insurgency on Northern Uganda
The entire Northern Uganda testifies to the vicious suffering emanating from the LRA twenty-year conflict with the central government of Uganda, characterized by mass willful killings, abductions, rape and internal displacement of the civilian population.
Poor living conditions are prevalent among the internally displaced persons (IDPs), who are highly impoverished, displaced from their traditional land, and suffering illness like cholera, malaria, and HIV/AIDS. The region has witnessed interrupted education; families have had to endure severe social breakdowns as evidenced by the high numbers of orphans, child mothers, and child-headed families. Communities are faced with shortages of food due to the inaccessibility of their farmlands in the areas far way from the respective IDP camps, and are hence left to survive on the food rations provided monthly by World Food Program (WFP).
A recent August 2006 IDP revalidation exercise established that Gulu had 460,226 (87 percent of its projected population estimate of 528,800) living in 66 protected internal displacement camps/settlements as a result of the repeated and protracted forced displacements triggered by the insurgency. This IDP population figure constitutes a total of 118338 families/ households.4 If the same scenario of Gulu is reflected in the districts of Kitgum and Pader which had the IDP population of 31011 IDPs in 22 camps and 319,506 IDPs in 30 camps respectively, then the total number of IDPs in the Acholi Sub Region is 1089843.5 Most of these camps are highly under-serviced in spite of the efforts exerted by the Local Government together with its Humanitarian and Development partners.6 The IDP situation, as a result of the LRA, is extended to the Lango sub region, especially Lira district as well as the Teso region in the east.
Amidst this war traumatized IDP communities are the hundreds of FAPs who were affected in multiple ways by being abducted, tortured and forced to kill the same communities that they now seek to reintegrate into. Whereas the general feeling is that the FAPs have been forgiven by the war affected communities of northern Uganda, the idea for them to stay with former communities that they were forced to brutalize, has at times led some community members to palpably insult FAPs as rebels, which often stigmatizes them, causing deep psychological scars. Therefore there is need for understanding their plight before interventions for their reintegration is commenced.
The Plight of the FAPs
It is imperative to note that the FAPs are the worst affected by the LRA insurgency in northern Uganda. From1996, a year marked by intense fighting between the LRA and the government forces - Uganda Peoples Defence Forces (UPDF), the LRA resorted to abductions and massacre of suspected government allies to terrorise the civilian population in northern Uganda.7 The LRA abducts children and adults to serve as soldiers, and girls to serve as sex slaves to its commanders. Those abducted are brutalized to deter them from escaping. Those abducted persons attempting to escape are killed or seriously wounded as an example to others abducted.8 UNICEF estimates that over 25,000 children have been abducted in the course of the 19-year LRA insurgency.9 The LRA reportedly favours 9 to 12 years old abductees because the age group is the most malleable.10
A deeper interrogation of the process and consequences of abduction of especially the children and youth into the ranks of the LRA informs us that:
• Most FAPs were abducted when they were children;
• As an initial indoctrination of the FAPs, they were coerced to commit atrocities against their own communities as a way of incriminating them, thereby making it difficult for them to return home;
• FAPs were isolated and turned against the members of their families and communities;
• In many instances, FAPs were inflicted with physical and psychological abuse;
• Frequently, the FAPs were forced to give up their personal identity by undertaking new names; and
• For the young girls, they were raped and forced into marriage with the LRA top commanders.
Over 90 percent of the girls and young women abducted by the LRA were forced into marriage.11 Of these, at least 73 percent continued to fight as soldiers even if married.12 Although difficult to come to terms with, the young girls repeatedly raped under the ‘marriage of convenience with the rebels’ were safer than those who were single. Interviews with some of female FAPs indicate that unmarried boys and girls were responsible for the heaviest and most dangerous workloads such as carrying supplies or moving to the front of a military deployment in battle.13 I wish to clearly state that this does not necessarily imply that FAPs especially the young girls who were raped under the disguise of being married to the LRA commanders did so voluntary. In reality, they were forced into marriage and have sex against their will, after being beaten, tortured and threatened with death.
In principle, the FAPs were physical and sexual slaves of their abductors. If you are to form a picture on the situation of the FAPs while under captivity, the chances are that the imagery will be very tormenting and traumatizing. Many researches and studies like the ones cited in this paper have been very good at helping us map out the ghastly and inestimable suffering the young men and women (FAPs) went through under LRA captivity, but fall short of answering the question of who is responsible for their suffering.
Uganda is one of the African countries that have signed and ratified most of the international conventions and treaties that define and prohibit slavery and practices similar to slavery like abduction of civilians in times of war and peace. These include, but are not limited to, the UN charter of 1945, UDHR of 1948, Slavery Convention of 1962, Convention on the Right of Children, and Geneva conventions which place obligations on individuals and warring parties to govern their conduct in war, and recently the 1998 Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. UDHR (1948) declares that everyone has the right to life, liberty and security of the person.14 The 1995 Uganda Constitution provides under general principle 3 that all organs of the state and the people of Uganda shall work towards the promotion of national unity, peace and stability.15 It is the primary responsibility and duty of the government of Uganda to protect the life and property of all Ugandans at all times. The existence of IDPs in northern Uganda, with some of their family members forced into military combat by the LRA, is a clear testimony to the inadequacy of the various duty bearers, in Uganda and the failure of the international community to protect the rights of these victimized people.
The above should not be perceived to mean that nothing has been done by the responsible duty bearers in Uganda and beyond, primarily the Government of Uganda. There have been both military and dialogue (stick and carrot) approaches, whose merits and challenges are not necessarily discussed in this paper. The discussion is around the stark realities of the civilian (IDPs) suffering as one category of victims alongside the FAPs, whom this paper takes to be the worst affected. For these, there is no contest over the actuality that they were not protected from being manipulated and used as pawns in sustaining the whole insurgency.
Whereas these sound strong statements, they can be substantiated. Some scholars are in agreement with me that behind the LRA abductions is a systematically crafted strategy of turning the population of northern Uganda against the government in power, which has majority members from the south. This has widened the north-south divide, which the author, like many nationalists, does not support and looks forward to its end through academic and proactive activism engagements with the responsible stakeholders as analyzed in the authors other related papers: The Northern Question in Uganda; and Joining Hands to Build a better Uganda through National Recocniliation16
The above statement is premised on the reality that the LRA use the abducted young girls and boys on the battle front as human shields. During the UPDF offensive against the LRA, most often they could kill the armed abductees as rebels. From some of the interviews with the FAPs who survived the UPDF offensive, came the following:
We used to fight the UPDF troops once we fell into their ambush. We had to put up a spirited resistance against them to save our lives, because if you were to retreat the LRA commander of your group could shoot you. What we feared most were the government war planes that could drop deadly bombs, killing many of our colleagues. We were however instructed upon seeing their advance towards us, to remove our shirts, smear with dust or mud, take cover in a tree of bush, hiding both our finger and toe nails, and in that way the planes could not easily spot us.17
Whereas some of the FAPs survived combat, many died. When these children are killed in combat by the UPDF, their parents condemn the government for killing their children. As a result many enraged parents of the killed abductees resent the government, which indirectly meets the intended objectives of the LRA of turning the people of the north against the central government of Uganda. There have been instances where the abductees who had managed to escape from the LRA during combat with the UPDF found themselves harassed and physically harmed by the community members where they had run for rescue. This resentment is attributed to the fact that most of the families that had lost their relatives could not stand any LRA suspected aide or involved combatant. They transferred their rage to the escapee FAPs for revenge. Although such road blocks exist in the course of the FAPs pursuing freedom from their abductors, many found their way to the reception centers like Gulu Save the Children Organization -GUSCO and World Vision - where they were received and rehabilitated for a while before being rejoined with their families. Some of them who were captured by the UPDF were taken to the barracks and later transferred to the reception centers. There also exist those FAPs that directly escaped from combat and found their way home to their relatives, and those who failed to trace their relatives or feared the communities’ revenge against them, and who moved to the main towns within the war affected districts to engage in petty brokery jobs to earn a living.
Reintegration Initiatives for FAPs
Uganda’s former child soldiers, haunted by exposure to violence at a young age, often find little solace when reintegrated into their home communities. When they return home, the nightmare continues, as they face stigmatization from their family and peers.18 The government of Uganda has not come up with a comprehensive plan for reintegration of FAPs back into their communities. Few IDPs feel that reintegration of FAPs has been satisfactory so far. Some FAPs have had difficulties, for example, to adjust from the power of the gun as a source of self-reliance and the gun being taken away without facilitation for alternative livelihood skills. What exists as reintegration intervention processes by humanitarian agencies and the civil society, are basically ad hoc activities implemented and duplicated by the various stakeholders. Nevertheless, the government of Uganda instituted the Amnesty Commission to process blanket amnesty for the LRA.
I Amnesty for the FAPs
As a response to the persistent insurgency in Uganda, the government enacted the Amnesty Act in the year 2000. This move was to pardon, exempt and discharge former rebels who voluntarily give up fighting the government through military means from criminal prosecution or any form of punishment from the state. The blanket amnesty that the government offered to all people engaged in rebellions against the government of Uganda, including the LRA, covers all rebel movements since the 26th January 1986. For the LRA ex combatants interviewed in the process of writing this paper, the greatest significance of the amnesty law is that it confers upon them as beneficiaries of amnesty, an irrevocable legal immunity from prosecution or punishment. Indeed Key LRA rebels like the former notorious Brigadiers Sam Kolo and Banya received blanket amnesty from the government. A number of junior LRA commanders and FAPs who managed to escape from combat and gave up arms have equally been granted the amnesty status. There is a general consensus within the war affected communities to grant full amnesty to the FAPs especially those who were in the lower ranks of the LRA because most of them were victims of abduction against their will. It is imperative to note that “the Amnesty Act 2002 of Uganda empowers the Amnesty Commission to promote appropriate mechanisms of reconciliation in the affected communities”.19
The affected communities perceive the Amnesty process to be insufficient for reintegration and reconciliation as understood by the war victims. At most, some of the FAPs are given amnesty certificates, blanket and mattress, plus some basic farm equipments. The victim communities perceive the amnesty packages from many aspects. Some argue that the government is empowering the FAPs, who are perceived by some community members as the perpetrators that contributed to the communities’ suffering in the camps, while others feel that the packages are necessary to enable the FAPs to start a new life after abduction. The families of the FAPs feel that proper reintegration of their children should on be at the top of the Amnesty process involving traditional cleansing, Mato oput.
II Acholi Traditional Justice Mechanism - Mato Oput
This is the traditional justice mechanism among the Acholi people who are mainly affected by the conflict. This practice is widely accepted within the IDP communities as ideal for cleansing FAPs before their reintegration with their families. It is carried out usually at both family and IDP camp levels for the FAPs with and without amnesty certificates.
The mechanism is based on the offender’s (FAP) declaration of the wrong he or she committed. Inherent to this process is the identification of acts committed by the FAP, which are Kir (Taboo) to the Acholi Traditions. These acts range from war crimes to antisocial violent acts. The Taboo (Kir) is cleansed through extensive rituals, which often constitute part of the reaffirmation of common values or behaviors. A common ritual involves stepping on a raw egg which symbolizes pure and untouched, the Laibi stick, used for opening the granary symbolizing that the individual is returning to eat home, and a twig from the Opobo tree, traditionally used to make soap symbolizing cleansing.20
The same rituals are conducted for IDPs that have started the voluntary return and resettlement into their original homes especially in Gulu district. A deeper interrogation of the whole Mato-Oput system reveals that:
• Mato-Oput is a cultural resolution of conflict in Acholi carried out by the Rwodi Moo, the traditional institution concerned with reconciliation.
• It focuses on genuine forgiveness for the offenders like FAPs who ask for forgiveness, leading to reconciliation of the offender and offended. Usually, the elders from the FAPs clan acknowledge guilt and regret it, while the victims’ clan elders agree to mend fences after factual investigations.
• An agreement is worked out by the elders, including a kind of compensation in form of livestock, usually cattle, or handing over a young girl to the deceased’s family and clan, expected to produce children to replace the dead.
• On the agreed date the compensation is done, elders conclude the process by sharing a bitter drink (made from the roots of the Oput tree). This is the ceremonial way of swallowing the bitterness.21
The author wishes to clearly highlight that the component of handing over the girl to the family of the deceased is not generally supported by all the Acholi people in contemporary times, although there are some conservative groups who wish to keep the entire Acholi custom intact with that component. Many of the families, who opt for Mato-oput, give cattle to the deceased family, which is expected to be used by that family to marry a woman for one of their sons, who will give birth and replace the deceased member of the family and clan. In summary, the traditional practices that are partly used to restore the broken relationships of the FAPs and the victimised communities have some shortcomings.
• The process is very expensive for the highly impoverished IDP communities whose children are FAPs. Some civil society organizations like Northern Uganda Peace Initiative tried in 2005 to sponsor a team of Acholi leaders to undertake rituals of mato oput in welcoming back the FAPs to be reintegrated into their families.
• Many human rights activists are contesting the component of giving a way a girl to the deceased’s family to compensate for the dead family and clan members.
Consequently, many FAPs whose families and clans have logistical support to meet the cost involved in undertaking this traditional practice have tended to feel that they are not cleansed, and hence not properly reintegrated into their communities.
III Reintegration into the National Armed Forces
Some of the FAPs, upon escaping from the LRA opt to join the national armed forces. It is imperative to note that by and large, the process of FAPs joining the armed ranks of the state is voluntary. For this category of FAPs, they feel better being reintegrated into the army to provide services – safety - to the communities that they were once forced to brutalise while under the LRA captivity. These FAPs are given full military training and passed out in various categories, some, as part of the Uganda People’s Defense Forces (UPDF) and others as Local Paramilitias. In some communities like eastern Uganda, the FAPs formed part of the AMUKA and Arrow boys to protect their own communities from LRA and the Karamojong cattle rustlers. This paper does not intend to examine the merits of this process. It nevertheless wishes to point out that this approach for reintegration of some FAPs has been under attack by sections of both local and international communities. In generic terms, those opposed to this mechanism ground their allegations on the perception that the government is using the reintegrated FAPs in the military ranks as human shields in the process of military confrontation with their former abductors, the LRA.
IV Reception Centers
This intervention was the earliest attempt modeled by the Civil Society Organizations (CSOs) to receive FAPs. Gulu Save the Children Organisation (GUSCO) and World Vision International were among the first agencies to establish reception centers for FAPs. More agencies like Jamii Ya Kupatanisha (JYAK), a Swahili phrase for Fellowship of Reconciliation in Uganda, among others, joined to support these initiatives of FAPs reintegration especially at the grassroots levels.
Upon arriving at the reception centers, the details of the FAPs are taken and with their assistance the search for their families from which they were abducted commences. While at the reception centers, the FAPs undergo counseling as part of psychosocial therapy, considering that many continue to experience traumatic disorders due to the gruesome acts they were forced to engage in while under LRA abductions. Alongside the counseling, the FAPs at the centers are physically rehabilitated through provision of food stuffs, and treatment of wounds and other health hazards they contracted in the bush. Peace education components, like non-violence skills are offered to the FAPs to help them adjust their interpersonal relations with the communities where they are reintegrated. In World Vision reception center for children, “Bible teaching and prayers are emphasized as ways through which FAPs seek for forgiveness from God for themselves and to forgive their abductors”.22
The field officers under the reception centers, upon finding the family relatives of the FAPs, arrange with the community members who gather at a specified time and location, usually the IDP camp where the family relatives of the FAPs live. The FAPs are handed over by the reception center field team to their families in the presence of other IDPs, who are called upon to be supportive of the FAPs. This intervention as well has its own shortcomings.
• The FAPs upon being handed to the local communities, find there is a very big gap in their livelihood support system. They come to the IDP camps where, unlike in the centers, they can not easily access free food, accommodation facilities, luxuries like TVs and videos, which they used to enjoy at the centers.
• As such, it is usually very difficult for the FAPs from the reception centers to fit and resettle within these IDP communities. Some IDP camp members are not friendly to them. They call them all sorts of names as rebels. This traumatizes them again.
• Consequently, some of the FAPs who fail to fit into the communities run back to the reception centers, while others opt to stay in the major trading centers and towns within their respective districts, where they do petty jobs like driving manual and motor bikes carrying passengers who pay them, hence supporting their livelihoods.
Implication of the Juba Peace Talks on the Reintegration of FAPs
Generally the peace negotiations in Juba, after several failed peace talk attempts, have largely been viewed by the war stricken communities of northern Uganda as the greatest opportunity for ending the conflict through peaceful means. This sanguinity was raised largely due to the increased commitment and the desire by both the LRA and central government of Uganda to find a peaceful end to the conflict, manifested through the signing of the Cessation of Hostilities Agreement (CHA). The success of the peace talks in Juba is largely viewed as increasing the number of FAPs, mainly children and women returning to live with their families. This will likely create challenges for their community based reintegration and resettlement. The author of this paper is aware that at the time of writing this paper, the peace talks at Juba had stalled due to several counter accusations between the LRA, GoU and Government of Southern Sudan under the auspices of the chief mediator Reik Machar. For the purpose of this paper, the author distances himself from interrogating the reasons for the stalling of the peace talks. It is his felt desire like many other peace lovers of the world that non violent solutions are reached to end this war. Considering that the hopes of the war communities were galvanized by the Peace talk’s success, he shares moral support with the advocates for successful peace talks until the signing of a comprehensive peace agreement as expeditiously as possible.
Implication of the International Criminal Court on FAPs Reintegration
The ICC is the first ever permanent, treaty based international criminal court established to promote the rule of law and ensure that the gravest international crimes do not go unpunished. “The 1998 Rome Statute of the ICC which established this court was entered into force on the 1st July 2002. Accordingly anyone who commits any of the crimes under the statute after this date will be liable for prosecution by the court”.23 Considering that Uganda signed the Rome Statute of the ICC on the 17th March and ratified it on the 14th of June with no reservation, as a matter of state practice, President Museveni of Uganda referred the situation concerning the LRA in northern Uganda to the ICC in December 2003.On the 29th of January 2004.
The Argentine ICC prosecutor Luis Moreno Ocampo announced that “there was sufficient evidence to start inquiring into the grave human rights violations committed by the LRA”.24 On the 13th October 2005, the ICC pre-trial chamber unsealed the warrant of arrest for five senior leaders of the LRA for crimes against humanity and war crimes committed in Uganda since July 2002. The chamber concluded that, “there were reasonable grounds to believe that Joseph Kony, Vicente Otti, Okot Odhiambo, Dominic Ongwen and Raska Rukwiya ordered the commission of crimes within the jurisdiction of the ICC”.25 On the basis of the above background a lot of excitement regarding the arrest of Kony and the end of the war was registered among the civic, civil and war affected communities. The hopes of the community were frustrated when the ICC failed to immediately arrest the indicted LRA commanders. As such, the war affected communities inspired by their traditional, religious and political leaders opted for the traditional justice system of Mato Oput that has been discussed above. Part of the reasons advanced against the ICC include, but are not limited to, the fact that the ICC does not have retrospective powers to prosecute crimes committed before the 1st of July 2004, and its intended justice is not fully representative and healing for all the war victims who suffered from the bloody LRA offensive. In principle, the ICC justice is seen by the war affected communities to be insufficient in bringing about sustainable peace and reconciliation in northern Uganda and as such is not preferred as a justice intervention for the LRA conflict, at least for now.
The ICC indictments of the top LRA commanders directly inhibited the FAPs escaping from the LRA captivity. The rebel commanders used the ICC against their abductees, whom they convinced that they would be arrested by the government forces and taken to the ‘whites’ to be imprisoned by the ICC. This propaganda worked on the FAPs’ psyche for some time as informed by this paper:
We were told that the whites are looking for us to be taken to the ICC supported by President Museveni. We feared to come back home first. But later when we learnt from the Radio Megga (Gulu based FM) that they wanted the top commanders we decided to escape and come back home.26
For some of the FAPs in the IDP camps, the ICC indictment news made them scared that they would also be arrested from the camp and taken to the ICC. The author is certain of the lack of information within the war affected communities as regards the ICC mandate and operation. This is attested to. In some of the interactions with the IDPs, a community member inquired if ICC was a person they could talk to and explain the plight and innocence of their abducted and victimised sons and daughters, FAPs.27 It is therefore very crucial for the ICC to develop a communication strategy intended to sensitize the war affected communities whose justice they intend to represent and foster.
Needs Assessment and Constraints for FAPs Reintegration
Long term reintegration beyond reception centers. Support from reception centers is limited leading to apathy about status in community. Reception centers can only follow up a few FAPs for a few months after being returned to their communities.
Not all FAPs pass through reception centers. Most of the FAPs in Kitgum and Pader did not pass through reception centers and as such missed out on the basic counseling and rehabilitation to help them deal with the violent situations they might be confronted with within the IDP camps.
The Amnesty Commission can provide amnesty certificates and a one off resettlement package in their Gulu Office. Access to services of the Amnesty commission from Pader is very difficult because of travel to Gulu for the poor FAPs
Awareness, respect and redress for rights of FAPs especially for peace, life, health, property ownership, self determination is insufficient.
Sense of belonging to and coexistence with communities is needed and anticipated by the FAPs. The reconciliation with community is obstructed because of fear of vengeance and lack of self confidence and image. They need receptive home communities.
The livelihood systems for the FAPs are lacking. As such they are in a state of poverty and lack knowledge of practical ways they can improve their well being
Many young FAPs express the need to continue with their education. It is imperative to point out that many IDP camps, especially in Gulu and Kitgum, have a nearby school. Some of these schools, commonly referred to as bush schools, are started by the government, former teachers and camp inhabitants who have attained some level of higher education
Health services, especially for HIV, primary health care and access to medical services are insufficient.
Psychosocial support to deal with effects of trauma is dearly needed. Many FAPs say they still experience post traumatic stress disorder even after reception centers and traditional cleansing ceremonies. FAPs are called many derogative names like ‘demon possessed’, murderers and LRA prostitutes.
Skilled leaders able to provide support for community reintegration mechanisms.
Risk of re-abduction or killing if found by rebels.
Community bitterness because they feel that FAPs were part of the rebels who caused their suffering in the IDP Camps.
Skepticism about what the government or community may do either to punish the ex-rebels or seek revenge.
The weakest interest groups like child mothers, the disabled, HIV affected and the female gender feel disempowered because of stereotypes about roles of the female gender.
The different initiatives undertaken by the various humanitarian agencies to support livelihood systems of the FAPs in the camps have not seriously engaged the question of whose land they are using giving rise to land conflicts
Conclusion
Community based reintegration of FAPs has of recent become well recognized to be a necessary intervention in transforming societies in northern Uganda by various key stakeholders like the government of Uganda and its development partners. It is imperative to point out that this development is not a cure-all for sustainable reintegration and reconciliation of the FAPs and their communities which they once assaulted.
I wish to point out that some of the NGOs like JYAK have undertaken community based reintegration initiatives of the FAPs from the reception centers and those who directly found their way into their villages. JYAK for example attempts to transform the apathy, guilt, isolation, trauma and violent response to provocation of the FAPs to reconciliation within the FAPs, their families and communities, initiating self development activities to foster their responsible and human rights observance and to living with other IDPs. The main activities are establishment and strengthening of FAPs’ groups; peace and self-help training; psychosocial support; support for Amnesty registration, public engagement; advocacy and networking; and economic reintegration of FAPs through vocational and entrepreneurship skills development. Such initiatives of JYAK and other like minded partners are intended to support sustainable grassroots initiatives for effective community based reintegration of the FAPs, with the major component of promoting their livelihood systems.
Community based reintegration of the FAPs could be a success story, if it were to be engaged in an integrated way by the various stakeholders; civil society, the government, religious and cultural institutions represented in the region, working in conjunction with the primary war affected communities to realize social and conflict transformation under the themes of forgiveness, peace, unity and reconciliation.
Recommendations
• For sustainable resettlement and reintegration of the FAPs and IDPs to be attained, there must be security guarantee for both their lives and property. The government and its development partners need to have in mind a fall-back position on how to deal with the same community in case the Juba peace talks that have raised hopes for a peaceful end of the war fail.
• The government action plans for northern Uganda like, the National Peace Recovery and Development Plan for Northern Uganda (PRDP), must address the livelihood component of the FAPs and IDPs for their sustainable reintegration in a strategic planned manner.
• Local communities’ initiatives to facilitate reintegration are tempered by the fact that they themselves are strapped with psychological, economic and social constraints that have already depleted their traditional and socially entrenched coping mechanisms. Additional mechanisms that serve to shift responsibility from individuals to a system are necessary to compensate for the lack of resources.
• Specifically, mechanisms that serve to aid local communities’ capacity building, monitoring and evaluation of resources allocated to uplift their livelihoods and community initiatives for reintegration and reconciliation would assist in developing an effective overall response to improve FAP and IDP livelihoods.
• Skills training and learning centers are needed so that FAPs can continue their educations and learn income generating activities.
• Sensitization training should be made available to community members in order to address the negative attitudes that clearly exist and impede community based reintegration and reconciliation with the FAPs
• Equalization of reintegration programming across sub-counties and districts, especially Pader and Kitgum, need to be tracked to ensure everyone has access to program resources.
• Cultural leaders need to be facilitated in performing traditional cleansing rituals as a part of the welcoming and reintegration ceremony for the FAPs into their former communities.
• Community forums are needed for the FAPs to share their experiences with the rest of the community. This aspect will strengthen reconciliation given that some FAPs harbor bitterness over the fact that few attempts were made to rescue them from the Bush when they were abducted.
Community Based Reintegration suffers from a lack of shared vision between the community and the FAPs. While the community provides the basic necessities for survival, the FAPs generally feel that this is insufficient given what they have been forced to endure. This failure to anticipate the expectations of the FAPs is at the heart of the dysfunction within the IDP community. Several approaches can be taken to engage this issue:
• An open, consultative process along the lines of traditional community dialogue between the parties to arrive at some sort of shared position and to answer the question of what type of practical assistance would be deemed sufficient.
• FAPs should create groups of their own, with elected leadership, which can interact directly with local leadership and NGOs. The FAP groups should be able to critically assess their own needs and inform the parties of their intentions. This would also help to avoid duplication in programming.
Health concerns regarding HIV/AIDS and malaria, water and sanitation and other basic health services are prevalent in the camps. Reduction of avoidable mortality and morbidity from trauma as well as communicable and non-communicable disease and maternal risks, through access to safe and quality primary, secondary and tertiary health care services, as well as environmental health for all affected populations should be the central objectives for all health interventions.
• Monitor health threats and risks, including provision and /or enhancement of the early warning surveillance and outbreak response systems.
• Address critical threats with appropriate and quality primary health care actions and strengthen secondary levels of medical care in the affected areas.
• Address gaps in health services delivery and support in re-establishing essential and emergency medical, public health and environmental health services.
• Ensure that FAPs and IDPs – with particular emphasis on women and children – have access to facilities, supplies and information that contribute to their hygienic status and protect them from water-borne diseases.
• Awareness campaigns and counseling for the community and FAPs about the risks of HIV/AIDS.
• Prevention and support for victims of Gender-Based violence (GBV) among IDPs and FAPs.
• Establish mobile health care units and strengthen functional health centers capable of delivering maternal and child health, non-specialized mental health services, and chronic disease management.
• Increase sanitation facilities for IDPs living in public facilities, and support their maintenance and operation.
• Increase access to hygienic supplies for IDPs and FAPs so they can maintain personal hygiene levels and protect themselves from water-borne diseases.
• Related promotional activities, ensuring in particular appropriate participation and sustainability of interventions.
There is a concern that current Reintegration activities that involve construction of shelters in the camps only benefit the long-term residents and not those that would relocate once the FAPs and IDP community resettlement into their original homes is undertaken. Thus appropriate sites must be identified for the accommodation of FAPs, and for the communities to pursue land-based Income Generating Activities, such as agricultural or animal husbandry.
• Designing shelter assistance strategies to minimize tension between the displaced persons and host communities.
• Identifying possible new sites and or/communal building, and undertaking rehabilitation, where necessary, to keep minimum living standard.
Effective implementations of the assistance and protection activities outlined in this paper are fully dependent on stable security situations within the camps. Due to displacement and the accompanying increase in the levels of poverty, there is a greater risk of domestic and sexual violence and economic exploitation, especially of children and women. Conflict resolution mechanisms between the FAPs and IDPs are also inefficient, as there is little or no police presence in the camps, only a camp commander. Issues above his ability to resolve are currently referred to the army, which is not in position to provide adequate resolution. Interventions aimed at improving the security situation should focus on:
• Ensuring a systematic protection monitoring system of all IDP sites.
• Ensuring physical and material safety of identified vulnerable FAPs with particular emphasis on women, children and elderly.
• Ensuring children are protected from violence, abuse, and exploitation.
• Contributing to securing a safe environment for women, girls, and young people and supporting victims.
End Notes
1Refugee Law working Paper No.11 (2004), Behind the Violence: Causes, Consequences and Search for Solutions to the War in Northern Uganda, Faculty of Law, Makerere University, Kampala-Uganda.
2ICG African Report No77 (14th April 2004), Northern Uganda: Understanding and Solving the Conflict.
3In this paper, the northern Uganda region constitutes the districts of Gulu, Pader, Amuru and Kitgum within the Acholi sub region; Apac, Oyam, Dokolo, Amolatar and Lira districts within the Lango sub region; Moyo and Adjumani districts in Madi sub region; Kotido, Moroto, Nakapiripiti and Kaabong districts in Karamoja sub region; Arua, Koboko, Yumbe and Nebbi forming the West Nile sub region. The political definition of the north takes into account all those districts that have suffered under the armed conflicts, despite the fact that they are categorized statistically to be in the eastern region. These districts in the North Eastern Teso region include, Soroti, Katakwi, Kumi, Kaberamaido, Pallisa and Amuria.
4Muwonge Maxie et al (2006), Needs and Impact Assessment of the FAPs in Kitgum, Pader, Amuru and Gulu districts, Jamii Ya Kupatanisha-Fellowship of Reconciliation, Kampala Uganda.
6OPM-Department of Disaster Preparedness and Refugees Report (December 2005), Return Resettlement and Reintegration of IDPS Strategic Plan in Acholi Sub region.
7Before 1996 Kony was perceived many people including some leaders from Northern Uganda as a hero promoting Acholi subnationalism, and indeed some of the fighters he started with voluntarily joined him to pursue this cause. When the communities shifted from supporting him, he adopted a revenge approach of terrorizing them through such activities as abducting their children.
8Jemera Rone (September 2005), Uprooted and Forgotten Impunity and Human Rights Abuses in Northern Uganda, report available at http//: www.hrw.org/english/docs/2005
9Ibid.
10see Behind the Violence, supra note 1 at 23.
11The Justice and Reconciliation Project, Field Notes No.2 (September 2006), Young Mothers, Marriage, and Reintegration in Northern Uganda: Consideration for the Juba Peace Talks, Liu Institute for Global Issues and Gulu District NGO Forum.
12The figures were obtained from structured interviews that Liu Institute for Global Issues and Gulu NGO forum conducted with 147 young mothers formerly married to the LRA in the district of Kitgum, Pader, Amuru and Gulu in northern Uganda.
13Ibid.
14Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948), Article 3.
15Constution of the Republic of Uganda (1995), National Objectives and Directive Principles of State Policy III
16The author has written a research paper on the northern Question in Uganda for the Center of Basic Research, Kampala. The paper, Joining Hands to Build a Better Uganda Through National Reconciliation was written for the Coalition of Organizations and Institutions working towards National Reconciliation in Uganda, presented during their Consultative Conference at Speke Resort Munyonyo-Kampala, 12th -14th February were it was discussed by Professor Joanna Quinn from the University of Western Ontario Canada.
17Interview with a group of FAPs from Palabek Ogili IDP camp in Kitgum district; the author implements a community based reintegration project of FAPs in Kitgum, Pader, Amuru and Gulu districts.
18Micheal Bionx Akena (February 2006), Uganda’s Former Child Soldiers Challenged After War, Uganda Conflict Action Network.
19See section 9 C of the Uganda Amnesty Act 2002
20Tito Owor Shanon et al (2003), Peace Building For Elementary Schools, A Teacher’s Resource Guide, Jamii Ya Kupatanisha-Fellowship of Reconciliation in Uganda.
21Ibid.
22Report by a senior Counselor, World Vision Children of War reception center in Gulu town
23See International Criminal Court: Historical Introduction, available from http://www.icc-icpt.int.
24Global Policy Forum Report (2004, January 29th): International Criminal Court Gets its First case: Against Rebels in Uganda, http://www.globalpolicy.org
25Rene Wadlow (20th October 2005): Uganda: ICC Issues Arrest Warrants for Lords Resistance Army, http://www.towardfreedom.com/home/content/view/6321/1
26Interview with a group of FAPs at Atanga IDP camp-Pader district
27The author works with both IDPs and FAPs to strengthen their community based reintegration, resettlement and return within six IDP camps in the districts of Kitgum, Pader, Gulu and Amuru.
About the Author
Human Rights and Peacebuilding practitioner in social work
Arts Extended Focus Would IB help me get into the study abroad program?
The IB program requires lots of AP classes(evil AP tests?) including art,along with a class called theory of knowledge and a foreign language immersion class, and an extended essay. I have to figure out whether or not I'm going to claim it in the next 6th months. And I really want to study abroad, it's been my dream ever since I was little.
Or would the AP track be suffice. I'm a year ahead in science according to the national average, one year ahead in honors English and one or two in math. So is the IB worth it? I'm a really good student I have a GPA of 3.8 and can maintain it with little to no issues, but I'm not so sure I can do it.
So
a) How hard is the Study Abroad program to get into?
b) Is IB worth it?
c) Instead of IB should I take the classes that would narrow in my focus on my talents?
d) If you have an IB diploma how hard was it to get?
I teach IB Theory of Knowledge to juniors. Personally I think that the IB program is beneficial in a variety of ways. There are a lot of IB haters out there, but this was just my first year in it and I think that it has better practical uses than AP.
Remember that AP and IB are completely separate things. You don't take AP classes- they are IB classes- but they are a similar level to AP classes. That said my high school only offered AP; I took AP US History, AP Government, AP Spanish, AP English, AP Calculus, and AP Physics. And earned a 4.25 in high school while playing 2 varsity sports. AP is great because it is a great way to earn college credit in high school, while still getting to be in classes with your classmates.
However what I don't like about AP is the way their tests are formatted. If you are a great memorizer, standard multiple choice test taker, and like taking classes where tons of facts and skills are burnt into your brain- then that is AP for you. (I struggled with reading as a child and developed a great memory so the lowest AP score I got was a 4).
IB is a whole different animal though, Theory of Knowledge particularly is such a unique course from anything you take in a standard school curriculum or in AP. The way of asking and answering questions is completely unique from anything I have experienced at any level of my own schooling. Specifically it makes you look at a certain situation through different ways of knowing (Perspective, Language, Emotion, and Reason) and you analyze solutions from these categories. It stretches the way you look at a topic so much deeper than anything in AP, and I think any college bound student would benefit from AT LEAST taking a theory of knowledge course (whether they are an IB student or not).
to your questions:
a. I don't work with the study abroad programs at my school so I will not be of any help there. BUT it sounds like you are college-bound and even if you can't do it now- you will have the chance to do it in college. And when you do it in college you will be a little older and you will have more freedom to explore while you are at your host school and traveling (you won't be tied to a group- my friends that did both much preferred going during college)
b.YES. Like I said I think every kid should take at least TOK! Especially if you are going to college.
c. I think that IB allows students to meet their hs credits while improving their depth of knowledge into different areas. One of the core values of IB is to become an in-depth, well-balanced individual. Which personally I think is valuable.
d. It is hard if you do not really commit yourself to it. Also it depends on the quality of the IB program and coordination at your school. If your school is well organized and you have been challenged- it wouldn't be as challenging.
Let me know if you have any other questions!
P.S.: Consider the money as well. You know your family's financial situation- and IB can be VERY expensive; more expensive than AP. If you have financial need your coordinator can help you apply for assistance. Also consider the college options nearby, as a good student you can always consider post secondary option courses, where you take college classes while you are in high schools. Most states offer this for free (Free college!!) and most universities will accept the transfer credits.
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These I&I Sports square martial arts focus pads feature triple stitching along all of the stress seams. With a solid over-sized foam core, these target pads last three times longer than conventional dipped foam models.Traditional square focus padsColor: BlackReinforced commercial fiber shellTriple stitched along all stress seamsSolid over-sized foam coreDual web hand strapsResists tears, rips, weatheringLasts three times longer than conventional dipped foam modelsDimensions: 9 inches x 11 inches x 3 inchesGreat for all types of martial artsPackage of 10 pads
Im in year 10 and have a 5 hour art exam coming up in June where we have to produce a final piece. Which is the problem, I don't have any ideas ..
We've been focusing on sea life for the past term, like fish and ropes and water and stuff and had to 'extend our theme' into something else, but sort of still relating to sealife somehow.
so i came up with: movement, and moving water (e.g. water droplets, waves, weather etc) which led to streamline objects, which led to art deco design, which then led to ships/porthole windows etc which sort of leads back to sealife!
We can do anything we like, painting, drawing, collage, scrapbook, anything ..
I just need Ideas!
if you have any feel free to suggest other ideas too not just my streamline etc theme..
thankyou!
research then depict Atlantis (The lost city not the resort hotel)
Or if maybe feeling a little campy you could have your version of the beatles yellow submarine
On the same line as your idea. This would take some thought but you could draw a morph of a sea creatures life into a human
can draw davey jones (would be advised not to take it form the movie Pirates of the Caribbean)
could draw him in the boat...Hiding human people in it (Not explained well i admit) (Not sure of the art work name but it can be done in dots)
You can do a upside down picture...as if half was the land with buildings on it. the other half with a reef and the fish (Include sharks of course)
Again a neat idea is include your teacher as a sea creature...you and other students in the class
the format can be done as the last supper...or as the dogs playing poker but as sea creatures
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Some book knowledge required. Business earns about $220k / year. 4 Employees. Store front has a 10 year lease in tourist town in high traffic, high income neighborhood.
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In this beautifully illustrated book, Anita Albus recounts the sad histories of several extinct bird species, including the passenger pigeon, the Carolina parakeet, and the great auk. She offers a detailed account of six rare birds: the hermit ibis, the e
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Covers many rare breeds that are likely to be encountered by poultry fanciers. This book provides a reference guide to the rarest, most obscure and, in a few cases, even extinct breeds of chickens and bantams that are often not mentioned in poultry books.
In many real-world problems, rare categories (minority classes) play essential roles despite their extreme scarcity. The discovery, characterization and prediction of rare categories of rare examples may protect us from fraudulent or malicious behavior, aid scientific discovery, and even save lives. This book focuses on rare category analysis, where the majority classes have smooth distributions, and the minority classes exhibit the compactness property. Furthermore, it focuses on the challenging cases where the support regions of the majority and minority classes overlap. The author has developed effective algorithms with theoretical guarantees and good empirical results for the related techniques, and these are explained in detail. The book is suitable for researchers in the area of artificial intelligence, in particular machine learning and data mining.
The author lives in Utah, his last name is Pocarro or Paccarro, and i think the name of the book might be The Potesta Family, does anyone know where I could look for this book?
The Family History Library in Salt Lake City has the book. It's called "Title From Italy to America, the Potesta family, part 1" by Robert Ralph Porcaro. It was published Orem, Utah : R.R. Porcaro, 1991.
Since it was self-published and probably had very limited copies, it's going to be pretty difficult to find one. Your best bet may be to contact the author to see if he has any left. I think I located his address by googling his first and last name and adding 'ut' (for utah). Give it a try. If it's not him, it's probably someone who knows him and can forward the inquiry.
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